![]() ![]() XRD analysis was used to analyze the crystalline structure of as-prepared products. However, it is still a challenge to exploit the Z-scheme catalyst with extraordinary performance. According to the previous studies, different Z-scheme composites have been reported such as ZnO/TiO 2, ZnO/SnNb 2O 6, Ag 2WO 4/Bi 2WO 6 and MIL-101(Fe)/g-C 3N 4. Recently, Z-scheme heterojunction has attracted huge attention as it can inhibit electron-hole recombination and maintain the strong redox ability simultaneously, which can boost photoactivity. Thus, numerous studies have been explored to improve photocatalytic performance. In spite of all these excellent features, some obstacles limited the practical applications of ZnO such as its large band gap (~3.2 eV) and quick electron-hole pair recombination. ZnO is regarded as the most reliable photocatalyst owing to its low cost, chemical stability, magnificent structure and eco-friendly nature. Therefore, treatment on wastewater-contained DMP is necessary before being discharged into the waterbody.Īmong the treatment technologies, advanced oxidation processes, especially photocatalysis, are some of the promising techniques due to their high efficacy, sustainability, environmentally friendly and energy-saving properties. There was evidence that DMP can act as a teratogen in animals and reduced fertility in humans. DMP has been revealed to disrupt and damage the cell structure of Staphylocuccus Aures by inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting energy metabolism. Therefore, even though the wastewater complied with the discharge standards, the wastewater that contained DMP still affected the surrounding environment. Although the Malaysian government has imposed restrictions on the discharge of municipal wastewater treatment plants via several parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and pH, there is no discharge standard on DMP. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), it was priority listed as a persistent organic pollutant. Due to its high chemical stability in the environment, DMP has a long hydrolysis half-life of 3 years. In natural water, DMP was detected at the concentration of 0.0057–1150 μg/L. As a short-chain ester, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was identified as one of the most detected PAEs in the environment. PAEs have been classified as endocrine disruptors that can pollute the environment and pose threat to human health even when appearing at very low concentrations. They served as the plasticizer in polyvinyl products, moisturizer in beauty products and anti-cracking agent in nail polishes and are often found in children’s toys and food container products. Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) have been commonly applied in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and packaging products. This work revealed that the as-prepared BWZ composites have great potential applications for the degradation of refractory pollutants in the environmental remediation field.
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